Análise da implantação do Parque Aquícola da UHE do Lajeado através de métodos multicritérios de decisão – Uma abordagem socioambiental e dos fatores de risco

Abstract

This study is derived from the policy of the Brazilian government to increase fish production through the promotion of fish farming in network ponds in aquaculture parks. This project aims to explore the implementation and operation of the Sucupira Aquaculture Park (PAS) of the Lajeado Hydroelectric Power Plant (Palmas / TO) through the use of multicriteria decision methods, aiming at a socioenvironmental approach of the risk factors of the implementation of this project through the proposition of sustainability indicators. Scientometry has demonstrated that the production of knowledge related to fish culture in net tanks and artisanal fishing in reservoirs is indexed and has a multidisciplinary character. The articles are technicist and productivist, with little regard for environmental and socioeconomic factors, nor the public policies for the development and promotion of fishery and fishery activities, which in a way explains the dissatisfaction with the activity by the fish farmers of the Bom Peixe Association , as well as the inefficiency of the public policy of transforming the artisanal fisherman into an entrepreneur. The Social Network Analysis (ARS) makes clear that there is interconnection among all actors, but the protagonism of this network is dominated by public institutions and the process of communication between the various institutional actors is two-way, while between fish farmers and fishermen is of a unidirectional character, making them only subjects of actions. The Trophic State Index (EIT) was used as a monitoring tool for aquaculture activities in PAS. Limnological variables, with the exception of total phosphorus, despite small variations of oxygen and total solids, are in accordance with the recommendations of CONAMA Resolution 357/05. The data allow us to conclude that the aquaculture area presented a predominance of supereutrophic trophic state and that the trophic state of the reservoir in the vicinity of the tanks is strongly influenced by anthropic activities, mainly in the rainy season. In the dry season, there is an increase in the phosphorus concentration in the water, leading to a hypereutrophic state. It is not possible to say that aquaculture is an impactful activity and its effects are difficult to predict in the long term, as well as the behavior of the reservoir through increased production in the parks, however, if there is no monitoring and efficient control over water quality , fish farming may promote degradation of the aquatic ecosystem. The analysis of the technical, economic and financial feasibility of investment in aquaculture projects of tambaqui production in network tanks used the economic indicators Effective Operational Cost (COE), Total Operating Cost (COT), Total Gross Income (RBT), Gross Margin (MB), Net Margin (ML), Profit (L) and Return Rate of Capital (TRC). The analysis of TRC presented negative results and the system of production in excavated nurseries proved to be more efficient. The system of production in network tanks is an alternative of lower cost and time of implantation, but with uncertain return. The socioeconomic profile of the producers is considered to be incompatible with the business and technological activity of aquaculture in network tanks. In the producers' view, the activity is still a future promise and the public policy of turning fishermen into fish farmers proved ineffective. According to TRC, the activity is unsustainable and has been showing negative results, which indicates its low competitiveness. Sustainability and governance indicators were developed for the development of fish farming in the PAS, which, through social, economic and environmental subindices, generated a Sustainability Index (ISUS) of the enterprise. The data allowed to conclude that the ISUS was classified as not very sustainable (0.37), mainly in the economic and social dimensions. The analysis of governance was identified in interviews with the main agents of the productive chain, making it clear that the lack of governance structures was noticeable in all segments analyzed, which portrays the real stage of disorganization and inefficiency of the productive chain of fish farming in PAS.