Análise fitoquímica, toxicidade e avaliação das atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana das folhas de Dipteryx Alata (Baru) em odontologia

Abstract

Drug therapy for oral disorders occurs using substances with antimicrobial, anti- inflammatory and/or antifungal activity; the growing number of strains resistant to conventional therapy, stimulates the search for bioactive substances, making phytotherapics promising agents in the treatment of oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal disease and mucositis. With recognized anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activity by traditional communities (quilombolas), baru has been researched and scientific experiments corroborate the therapeutic applicability in which Dipteryx alata has been submitted. With the intention of investigating a possible use of extracts from the leaves of D. alata in the treatment of oral diseases, this work proposed a two- phase methodology. The first phase aimed to carry out a systematic survey of the literature on the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of oral diseases, gathering experimental research articles and/or literature review, with full and free texts from PubMed, LILACS, SciELO and ScienceDirect, published in English or Portuguese, peer-reviewed, from 2018 to 2022, using as keywords: Medicinal plants, Phytotherapy and Dentistry. 216 works were identified; according to the eligibility criteria, 192 articles were excluded (58 duplicate works, 97 were not experimental research and/or literature review, and 38 articles were discarded after reading the title and abstract for not providing data on the comparison group), resulting in the final sample of 24 articles. According to the publications analyzed, several medicinal plants have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal activity against the main oral microorganisms and some of the substances mentioned can be used as an antiseptic. The effectiveness of herbal medicines has been proven, with therapeutic superiority in relation to allopathic medicines, being a viable option in the treatment and control of oral diseases. The second phase aimed at the chemical screening of extracts from the leaves of D. alata Vogel, toxicological analysis and antimicrobial activity against oral microbiota, evaluating three hydroethanolic extracts obtained by ultrasound assisted (Ultrasound Crude Extract - ECU) and Soxhlet apparatus (Soxhlet Crude Extract - SCE and Soxhlet Ethanol Extract - SEE). The phytochemical analysis identified the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols and saponins in all extracts; alkaloids were identified in the SCE and SEE. In the LC-DAD chromatography caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin, luteolin and kampferol were identified and in the GC-MS analysis, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in all extracts. In the analysis of DPPH• and ABTS•+ antioxidant activity, SEE showed greater efficiency (IC50 = 2.98 ± 2.92 and 6.57 ± 0.89 μg/mL, respectively). In the toxicity test with A. cepa, all extracts at a concentration of 50 μg/ml stimulated root growth; at 250 μg/ml, UCE and SEE stimulated root growth and at 750 μg/ml only SEE inhibited root growth. In the A. salina toxicity test, all extracts were considered non-toxic, and antibacterial activity was identified against S. aureus and S. mutans microorganisms, however, the extracts did not show antifungal action against the C. albicans strain. It was possible to identify the therapeutic potential of the analyzed extracts of D. alata for applicability in dentistry.